Studies on Mortality and Histopathological Alteration on the Gills of Oreochromis niloticus Juveniles Following Exposure to Ethanolic Extract of Phramenthera capitata under Laboratory Conditions

The study was conducted using two replicate (Batch A and B) for 96 hours under controlled laboratory conditions, with five different concentrations of the extract ranging from 0 to 40 mg/l. results revealed that had a concentration-dependent toxic effect on test organisms, induced behavioural changes such as abnormal uncoordinated swimming movement, restlessness, respiratory difficulties, attempts at jumping out. alterations physico-chemical parameters water were also observed, indicating adverse effects aquatic environment. LC50 Oreochromis niloticus determine be 22.124 mg/l representing log-transformed concentration 1.345 This is where 50% organisms expected die end hours’ bioassay. histopathological examination gills pathological in 20, 30, whereas no histomorphological observed 10 extract. result present findings suggests ethanolic P. capitata severe impacts resulting mortality gill damage.